THE PAGTA

Old Traditions

2009-03-08T18:40:00.000-07:00

Bayanihan is an example of an old tradition that expresses the spirit of unity.

A pagta too expresses the spirit of unity between former warring tribes. By entering into pagta, the parties thereto intend to unify themselves for their mutual aid and protection. Breach thereof detroys the unity and results to division and contention.

Here are sample pictures of tribal weapons used in case there are contentions.

A picture of full-geared Kalinga warriors. A sample of an actual size of the common head axe of the kalingas.

START TO FINISH

2009-03-03T22:40:00.000-08:00

Every sort of conflict started with misunderstanding.

What was intended was misunderstood.

Since intentions are inherently invisible and they belong to the realm of the mind of a person, how would an ordinary person judge another person's intentions?

In order to judge the intent of a person, the Philippine Laws and Philippine Jurisprudence ('jurisprudence' are the rationales of those cases that have been decided by the Supreme Court of the Philippines), tell us that 'the index of intention is action.' Thus, every intention is judged by the acts of the parties. All acts before, during, and after the forging of an agreement and even the contemporaneous acts of the parties are also judged in order to determine the true intention of the parties. If the parties hid their real intention, the contract is called a simulated contract. This is called relatively simulated contract. Any of the parties may go to court in order to seek reformation of the contract so that the contract may be conformed to the intention of the parties thereto. If the parties did not intend to be bound at all in said contract, it is an absolutely simulated contract. Under the New Civil Code, said contract an absolutely simulated contract is void because of the absence of consideration, which is an essential element of a contract.

In criminal laws, a person cannot become liable for anything which he merely intended to do if he did not act on it. Thus, if a person only thought of killing another person, yet has not done anything to kill the other person, there is no liability on his part for either murder or homicide.

However, under the Revised Penal Code a "felony" or translated as "crime" is defined therein as 'an act or omission punishable by law.' Even omissions, intended or not, which are punishable by law, are considered felonies. The catch is this: such act or omission MUST be punishable by law, whether by the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines or by a special penal laws, like the law against bouncing checks or BP 22. If there is no law punishing an act or omission, then there is no crime.

Breach in contracts

2009-02-27T00:50:00.000-08:00

Philippine Daily Inquirer issue entitled 'BSP files P1-B syndicated estafa case vs Legacy owner' [dated February 27, 2009] shows an example of breach of trust in pre-need plans, if not "estafa" committed by a syndicate according to BSP.

There are other news on the charges against Legacy.

"Pre-need plans" are contracts which provide for the performance of future services or the payment of future monetary considerations at the time of actual need, for which planholders pay in cash or installment at stated prices, with or without interest or insurance coverage and includes life, pension, education, interment, and other plans which the Commission (Securities and Exchange Commission) may from time to time approve (Sec. 3.9 of the Securities Regulations Code [SRC]).

Those who have invested are in quandary since the closure of all Legacy companies as early as December 8, 2008 "leaving a huge number of investors empty-handed".

SOME ACKNOWLEDGMENT

2009-02-19T20:48:00.000-08:00

My sister Rhoda B. Cua, owner of Crystal Waters, Bonifacio Street,Tagum City, is the person responsible for the background lay out of my blog site. Her water station is powered by Living Water Technology.

FORMS SALES

2009-02-18T17:06:00.000-08:00

click here for sample forms in many contracts, including those of sales: ----> FORMS

Republic Act No. 386, as amended, otherwise knowm as the New Civil Code of the Philippines defines a contract of sale as follows:

" Art. 1458. By the contract of sale, one of the contracting parties (seller) obligates himself to transfer ownership of and to deliver a determinate thing, and the other (buyer) to pay therfor a price sertain in money or its equivalent."

It appears from this provision of law that the seller need not be the owner of the thing subject of the sale for as long as the thing is not yet delivered. However, he must be the owner of the thing during the delivery. In technical terms, delivery is called tradition. Tradition transfers ownership. The same provision also appears to tell the reader that if the seller, who is not the owner of the thing sold to the buyer later on became the owner of the property sold, the transfer of ownership is by operation of law.

Any comments?

TO THE PROFESSIONALS

2009-02-18T17:03:00.000-08:00

I found this site and I think it can help:

Click here

OUR ORGANIZATION

2009-02-16T17:04:00.000-08:00

I forgot to introduce myself as part of PGCAG. The list include our leaders.

BINDING COVENANTS

2009-02-15T17:36:00.000-08:00

I studied History at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños (UPLB) during my undergraduate studies as part of our curriculum. In one of our sessions, one interesting came up: 'TRIBES IN THE HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES'. (to those who would like to study at UPLB click here for qualifications and requirements.)

One of the tribes mentioned was the IGOROTS. Our professor opined that the term "i-gorot" is a generic term for all people who are living in the outskirts of the mountains "gorot" according to him means, mountain. While the term "tagalog" or properly spelled as "taga-ilog".

Is it possible to achieve unity in the country? comments...

FACT: TRIBAL WARS EXIST

2009-02-05T23:08:00.000-08:00

Per request of my readers, especially, LOUIE, i will attempt to elaborate the fact of tribal war in Kalinga Province and neighboring provinces, its origins, cause and effects.

Click here for a brief introduction on the fact of tribal war in the area. You can also click here for more information.

Tribal Wars exist in Kalinga Province. Note that the name "kalinga" means, "enemy" or "fighter".

However, no one can pinpoint with certainty when tribal started in the area. What we are certain of is that tribal wars happened and they are still happening.

There are several origins of tribal wars.

The most common is territorial expansion. When the tribes expand their hunting grounds, they come in conflict with the tribes occupying the grounds to be hunted. Thus, war ensue. The reason here is survival.

My greatgrandfather told me a story of how their "fun" ended in a tribal war. They made "fun" of another villager and in the process killed the man. The other tribe wanted to retaliate and their retaliation led to a killing one of my grandfather's villagers. That killing led to another and so forth. The reason here is retaliation.

Another is Cañao, originally, a form of spirits summoning. The warriors headhunt their enemies' and success is celebrated in Cañao. Today, Cañao is known as a feast in many Cordilleran Villages. But to those who understand the original intent of a Cañao, they would see the war dances displayed during the celebration. The reason here is animism.

Regardless of whether or not tribal wars are fought by reason of survival, retaliation or animism, one thing is sure : people die. A mother mourns for her husband or for her son. Or a son cries for his father. Or a father for his son.

Recent reports tell us that the system of Bodong following the rule of PAGTA or called the law of the Bdong is keeping the province peaceful.

I'M BACK

2009-02-05T22:58:00.000-08:00

after several months of silence, i'm back. :-)

Take a look at this Toyota car. Here are their terms.

My point is simple : in a transaction like buying a car, like Toyota, there is a vinculum that will be formed. This legal tie is expressed by the parties in their contract. In order to start the process, one party needs to offer and the other to accept the offer. Try to contact Toyota.

PAGTA IN WEDDINGS

2008-04-24T21:19:00.000-07:00

my eldest sister raquel "rocky" tied the knot last april 18, 2008! accordingly, there is a tie between her and her husband. that tie may be considered as part of pagta. in that tie the parties vowed that each will undertake to perform his/her marital obligations to the other, respectively.

the marriage between persons therefore is an example of pagta.

dear readers, this article can be shared to others: www.pagta.blogspot.com

WHO AM I?

2008-04-07T19:00:00.000-07:00

this blogger was born and grew up in Tabuk, (now Tabuk City) Kalinga where arms conflict is a frequent scenario. There was one time when i have witnessed a man hitting the other person with a stone right on his face! Blood gushed out instantly...

According to the traditions in Kalinga, for every single drop of blood a certain multa or penalty is imposed upon the offender. Money or animal or anything of value may be used as payment of the multa.

When a person is slain, the other tribe would impose a multa.. If the multa is disregarded by the offender, then tribal war would ensue in order to take another man's life from the other tribe. This is a vicious cycle.

other terms for pagta

2008-04-07T09:28:00.000-07:00

Pagta, may be loosely translate in ILOCANO as KATULAGAN.

For Tagalogs, kasunduan, or sanduguan.

For the Visayans, kasabutan.

These are some Filipino terms that may simplify what pagta is.

The essence actually of pagta is that there are different parties whose minds meet.

i passed labor relations

2007-12-06T21:23:00.000-08:00

By God's grace and unmerited favor, i was enabled to hurdle my Labor Relations course last semester. In short, i was passed.

To those who read the pagta, this is the soonest time possible for me to post this article.

For our dose of pagta:

A pagta may be entered into by and between persons. Like pagtas, contracts are made by and between persons. For purposes of this article, and succeeding ones, let us adopt some definitions hereinunder.

According to a veteran corporation law professor of the Ateneo de Davao University College of Law, we call him "father" because he is a bona fide member of the Jesuit society, there are two kinds of persons, namely: a natural person and a juridical person.

A natural person is somebody who was born through human procreation. S/he derives personality upon birth except for children who were born in intra-uterine birth (180 days inside the womb and was born) who must live for at least 24 hours to be considered civilly born.

A juridical person on the other hand is a creation of law. The formalities of the law must be strictly followed, not to the letter,
but substantially followed so that a juridical person may be "born".

A juridical person is born, so to speak, upon the issuance by the Securities and Exchange Commissons of the Certificate of Incorporation. This is the birth certificate of a corporation.

A natural person has a physical body, whereas a juridical person has none. So how does a juridical person act? According to father, it acts through its board of directors or trustees by way of resolutions.

i will take an exam this friday

2007-11-21T21:18:00.000-08:00

Foks, on Friday, i will be taking an exam and my career as a law student hangs on this particular subject because of its inherent difficulty. I'm referring to the laws on Labor Relations.

This subject, to be sure, is both a substantive and remedial. Substantive because it defines the rights and obligations of an employer and the employee in their relationship as employer-employee. It is also remedial because it provides for the remedies, so to speak, or the proper procedures for any party in a contract of employment in enforcing his/its rights and demands.

I will post any article as soon as I'm thru with my examination.

ciao for now.

solemnities of contracts

2007-11-21T21:04:00.000-08:00

Pagta as we have discussed is a form of contract between two minds, the terms of which were not reduced into writing until the Pagta of the Kalingas were codified by its local government.

Like all contracts, pagtas do have solemnities, which the parties must observe with utmost good faith.

There must be good faith for its absence would undermine the purpose for which a contract was entered into by and between the parties thereto.

For civil contracts, there are formalities that must be followed before the same may be valid and enforceable in the courts of law in the Philippines. Under the Statutes of Frauds, there are certain contracts, like sale of a land or the transfer of right over it, that the contract must be in WRTING, in order that it mat be enforceable. And under certain provision of the Civil Code, the the contract must be in a public instrument in order that the same may be valid.

As for pagtas, it is sufficient that the parties thereto agreed upon the terms and conditions of the contract. An agreement may be defined as the meeting of the minds of the parties in a contract. There is no requirement that the same must be in writing in order for it to be enforceable according to the laws and customs of the place.

In fine, a pagta may or may not be in writing. As for the Kalingas, the original pagtas were done orally - but the same continued to govern the parties in the pagta.

Obligations and contracts

2007-11-20T21:21:00.000-08:00

I went through one (1) semester at the Ateneo de Davao University
College of Law trying to understand the concept of obligations.

An obligation is defined under the New Civil Code.
According to the law, "An obligation is a juridical necessity to GIVE, to DO
and NOT to DO.

Obligations arise from five sources of obligations, namely:

1. Law;
2. Contracts;
3. Quasi-contracts;
4. Acts or omissions punished by law; and
5. Quasi-delicts.

I wish to include:

6. Pagtas.

In my mind, although technically speaking, pagtas are not
enforceable in civil courts, these are essentially,
sources of natural obligations.

Cherry Rose Cua- Quinones

2007-11-16T04:48:00.000-08:00

Cherry Rose Cua-Quinones. She is my sister's cousin-in-law. A very bubbly and giggly lady, one can really think that she doesn't know what problem means. Honestly, the first time I met her, I can't help myself but giggle,laugh and giggle again. You try to visit her site and you'll know what I'm talking about.

Anyway, thank you for featuring me in your blog. you are indeed our inspiration in this blogging realm.

Thank you ate cheche.

please bear with me

2007-11-11T22:14:00.000-08:00

I just want to let my readers know why i am developing this site in this manner.

Please bear with me.

I was born at Tabuk, Kaling Province (now, Tabuk City) sometime in 1984. The place is a fertile valley with many rice fields from end to no end. Rice terraces grace the slopes of some selected hills. It is the rice granary of the region, in other words, there is abundance of wealth in the place. This is also the place where i grew up.

The only sad feature (for me) of this place is the fact that tribal war is rampant.

In fact, as an elementary pupil, i felt the impact of tribal warfare at Tabuk, Kalinga when some of our teachers did not report to their classes for more than one (1) month. The same thing happened when i was in my secondary.

Not too few pupils and students and teachers left Tabuk and went back to their respective family homes in order to preserve their lives and/or to protect their families while tribal wars were on-going.

The members of each warring tribe leave Tabuk as soon as the war is announced.

What is peculiar at Kalinga is the fact that not all the tribes fight at the same time. The tribal wars were only between two tribes at a time.

I was very young when i had this wild idea to write something about pagta; good graces, this blogging activity gave me some space for me to just write down my thoughts and arrange some ideas that have long been in me...

pagta and other form of ties

2007-11-11T21:53:00.000-08:00

A blood tie/pact is forged between individuals who swore with their bloods by drinking the same that they would perform or not perform an act or activity.

Unlike a blood tie, which would include a dark side of a pact, that is the doing of some evil acts, the original pagta was forged for purposes of maintaning a peaceful environment.

Thus a slight distinction between the two kinds of pacts is drawn. While blood ties on the other hand, may include the doing of an evil act, which to my mind should be avoided at all times, pagtas include only the goal of maintaining a peaceful environment for the youngsters to thrive.

At the advent of modern civil societies, civil contracts took the place of blood ties and even of pagtas (with the exception of the pagtas of the Kalingas, which is already codified). However despite modernization, the same must not bar the forging of pagtas between the different groups of peoples in the Philippines.

In all of these - pacts, agreements, covenants, vows, contracts, name them, the most important, as we have seen, is the entering of two autonomous minds or groups into a pagta with simple goal at hand - that is - for the perfection of the human race by creating an atmosphere where peace is respected. Ideal as it may be, we must all concede that the attainment of peace is in the heart of every living individual on the planet today.

a settlement which satisifes both the aggrieved and the offender is ideal

2007-11-08T20:58:00.000-08:00

Settling a conflict, say for a land dispute, in an amicable manner gives satisfaction to both the parties.

For civil cases, family members cannot go to court for complaints against a member of the family without first showing to the satisfaction of the court that there was utmost effort to settle the conflict between the family and that said effort failed. The failure of the parties to satisfy the judge of this fact may be a ground for the dismissal of their case in court.

It will not hurt the parties to settle the matter amicably. Amicus meaning friend.

In pagtas, settling the conflict outside the bounderies of a court proceeding expedites the settlement and leaves the parties still satisfied with the adjudication.

I believe that the basic element of settlement of conflicts is mutual satisfaction of the parties. Without this element, the parties in civil cases would go on appeal until the Court of Last Say would render its decision after many years of unwanted litigation.

In fine, a friendly approach to settling conflicts is still the ideal.

the spirit behind pagtas

2007-11-07T17:28:00.000-08:00

After learning the essentials of a pagta and it is just like an ordinary contract, let me introduce the spirit behind a pagta.

Viewed from its origin, the pagta is a mechanism devised by the warriors of old in order to establish a peace pact between and among themselves.

The establishment of a peaceful surroundings, fit for the growth and development of the youngsters, is the driving force behind the original pagtas of old.

Such peace, which is, up to the present, desired by many could be attained, this author believes - when we learn how to respect the autonomy of each individual with whom we deal with on a daily basis.

This kind of respect is of high importance. According to Immanuel Kant, a great philosopher in his own rights, autonomy is the wholeness of a person; this autonomy therefore defines a person.

To my mind, an individual's worth is embodied in his/her being a person. Under the Civil concept of a person, a "person" is one who/that has rights and obligations created by law.

In our study, we have seen that a pagta establishes the rights and obligations of the parties thereto. However, since the codification of the pagta in Kalinga Province, all "persons" covered by the said pagta in the said province can trace their rights and obligations from the set of precepts and rules and regulations that they have voluntarily established by and for themselves. In truth, a real pagta, as we have already discussed in the earlier articles, is the law between the parties.

That law defines persons' rights and obligations; hence pagta as a source of rights and obligations, must not be taken lightly but with utmost respect.

In closing, every individual under the 1987 Constitution may freely enter into contracts, which contracts may not be abridged by any law, provided only that the said contracts are not contrary to law, morals, public order, public policy and GOOD CUSTOM.

The inclusion of good custom in the proviso indicates that the Fundamental law of the land and such pertinent laws recognize that there are good customs - one of which, this author believes, is the amicable settlement of conflicts.

In our next articles, we shall discuss briefly some laws and actual cases decided by the Supreme Court where amicable settlement became a requisite sine qua non before a ripe case may be filed in a court of law.

the esentials of pagta

2007-11-06T19:31:00.000-08:00

In the Bible, it has been said that let your YES be YES and your NO be NO.

This Biblical advice imports either an approval or disapproval of a certain matter. Such matters may be contained in a contract, oral or instrumental. Anyway, the advice is clear: make your position clear and then follow it.

In relation with pagta, it is a normal setting that in every normal human endeavor, normal peoples enter into agreements, contracts or memoranda, which require some form. As stated earlier, either oral or instrumental.

Oral agreements require only a word of approval to the agreement. A "yea" or a "yes i agree" is enough to forge the relationship between the parties. And there must be an observance of the so-called palabra de honor.

Instrumental agreements on the other hand must be in writing for their enforceability but not for their validity. For in this world where individual minds are recognized by the State, upon the meeting of the minds of the parties, a contract is perfected.

As such, the terms of the contract, written or otherwise, becomes the law between the parties for entering on their free volition into the relationship coupled with responsibilities.

It is so too with PAGTA. There must be parties, who are both exercising independent minds. There must also be the so-called meeting of the minds for the perfection of the pagta. And more importantly, good faith on both parties.

Also, the terms and conditions and considerations and covenants in a given pagta though not written is the law between the parties thereto.

Most of the time, the problem lies in their enforcement. Either one of the parties, break the terms, wittingly or unwitingly.

Unwittingy because, as soon as the parties forgot the terms and conditions arrived at during the negotiation and perfection of the pagta, one of the parties either one of the parties break the same.

Wittingly because, one of the parties, either wanted only to display its superiority. Herein lies the bad faith, which must not be the case.

In both cases, the elders are consulted for proper adjudication. Most often, the elders follow their old rulings by applying them to similar or analogous cases.

In application, each of us must enter in to an agreement with a duty in mind to fulfill our promise in good faith. A simple promise to a child that you will buy him a coloring notebook is an agreement with that child, which must also be complied with in good faith.

Let us take a look at actual cases in our next articles.

let me now introduce myself

2007-11-05T18:09:00.000-08:00

Let me introduce myself.

My full name is Rex Dumlao "Leusen" Batay-an.

"Rex" is a Latin word, which means, "king". It imports stability and fairness of mind.

My Native name is "Leusen", which is given to me by my grandfather. It is our practice in our tribe that the elderly's name would be passed on to his grandchildren in order to retain that identity.

My middle name "Dumlao" speaks of my Ilocano blood line.

I also have a bloodline of Itnegs from the Province of Abra. My grandmother in the maternal line is a pure blooded Itneg, while my grandfather in the maternal line is pure blooded Ilocano. Both my grandparents in the paternal line are Aplais.

Hence, I am also bona fide member of the APLAI group of peoples, a minority group of peoples, with ancestral roots based at Sagada, Mt. Province.

I am therefore familiar with the ways of our elders of Aplais, Itnegs and Ilocanos.

I was born at Kalinga Province, where i witnessed several triabl warfares during my sixteen (16) years of stay there. From the day i was born on April 19, 1984 up to my Secondary Education. I moved to Laguna for four (4) years when i pursued my Bachelor's degree in Philosophy.

I am presently residing at Davao City, Midanao order to pursue my studies of Law.

I am now in my junior years at the Ateneo de Davao University College of Law.

In my next and succeeding entries, we will discuss the heart of this site.
PAGTAS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE TO OUR SOCIETY will be our guiding theme.

Henceforth, the term PAGTA shall embrace all kinds of contracts, written or unwritten, indigenous or otherwise. More importantly, it is an amicable way of settling disputes, whether on life, liberty or property.

Exam day!

2007-11-04T19:02:00.000-08:00

Hello everyone. Its exam day that's why I wasnt able to write something after the November 30. But as soon as im done with my exams, I'll post more articles here.

Ciao!

first things first- the origin of pagta

2007-10-29T23:05:00.000-07:00

Good day to all who may have a chance to read this article.

Yesterday's feature was a simple introduction of the term pagta.

In today's article, the author traces how the codified pagta came into being and how it differs from the civil contracts.

To begin, a friend of mine told me that "Necessity is the mother of all inventions."

I believe inventions are not limited to building a machine in order to do something faster or for some other purposes. I believe that invention includes, but is not limited to, creation of ideas (written or unwritten), and drafting or forging covenants from such ideas that were never tried or tested before.

Head-hunting was then a favorite strategy during a tribal conflict among the tribal members of the i-Bontoc tribe of Bontoc Mt. Province, Philippines. Due to the lives this strategy in tribal warfare has ravished, and the disturbance and unpeaceful combats, the warring tribes cease their war by entering into agreements called pagta, the terms of which are unwritten.

On the side, the History of Buddhism reveals that Buddha's teachings were passed on to his disciples by word of mouth.

So too with the pagta - both rules were then unwritten. The only difference was that the Buddha's rules were from a single person; whereas the pagta was a product of two warring tribes who wished to cease the war by forging a pagta with each other. The pagta therefore is voluntarily entered into by the parties; unlike with the teachings of the sage, which were imposed by their teacher, Buddha.

In addition, the origin of pagtas may be traced back as far as the early conception of the i-Bontoc tribe of Bontoc, Mt. Province, Philippines. These Igorots (meaning, people who dwell at the mountains, from the term, "gorot" or mountain, and "i" referring to "man" as distinguished from the Tagalogs or "taga- ilogs") did not develop a system of writing.

Pagta was a creation brought about by the sufferings due to the tribal wars at Kalinga Province, the origin of which wars may be traced as far back when head-hunting was then a favorite strategy among the warrior tribal group of i-Bontocs of Bontoc, Mt. Province.

Mt. Province is not very far from Kalinga Province if we trace their distance by the mountains that separate them.

Hence, when the invaders enter a new land, conflicts between the invading tribe with the possessors of that certain territory is natural.

Upon the resolution of the conflict, the agreements, embodying the terms and conditions of each tribe, were made orally. These are the pagtas.

The problem with this kind of agreements is the simple fact of life that the people are forgetful. Thus in one acse decided by the Supreme COurt of the Philippines, it has been said in relation with the Statutes of Frauds that "the faintest ink is far better than the sharpest memory."

Unlike unenforceable contracts, the pagta is enforceable in the tribal council of elders. However since the pagtas were then unwritten, they were broken as soon as the warring tribes forget the terms and conditions they imposed bilaterally upon and among themselves.

This lone fact may be the key factor why the Provincial government of Kalinga codified the so-called "pagta" by collecting the said unwritten rules from selected elders of the different tribes representing the tribal groups of the Province.

This way, whenever conflicts arise between the tribal members of the Province, a ready reference could be had at an instant.

In this article, we have seen that it is important that the parties, at least write their agreements, so that in case of conflicts of interests, they may refer to their agreement and resolve the problem smoothly, should the parties intended in good faith to follow their agreement.

Respecting the mind of the other party is the heart of true pagtas.

It is the hope of this writer that as we progress in our study of pagtas, that we may see the wisdom behind settling conflicts in an amicable manner, thereby respecting the mind of the other party.

The return the practice of pagta as the mainstream of conflict resolution, the same being an amicable way of resolving conflicts and not by way of litigation, is most recommended.

BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION

2007-10-29T04:05:00.000-07:00

By way of introduction, the term "Pagta", which is derived from a native dialect of the Kalingas, a major tribal group at Kalinga Province, Cordillera Region of Northern Philippines, means, bilateral covenant, solemn vow or contract by word.

Through the centuries, the said province has been under the rule Pagta. Recently, the unwritten rules were collected and the result is the "Bodong". A copy of this written cultural laws of the Kalingas may be obtained by written request or personally through the office of the Office of the Provincial Governor of Kalinga, Province, CAR, Philippines.

The most important feature of the Pagta is the resolution of conflicts on life, liberty and property.

For purposes of this site, the author shall compare and contrast the laws passed by the Congress of the Philippines and of the so-called "pagtas" of the different tribal groups of the Philippines.

This site shall feature the indigenous ways of resolving conflicts aforementioned.

Tomorrow, i will discuss the so-called "head hunters" of Bontoc Tribe of Bontoc, Mt. Province, Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines.

From this feature, we shall trace the origins of Pagta.

This site shall include suggestions on how to resolve the above-mentioned conflicts regarding life, liberty and property in the an indigenous or cultural manner.